The 2012 State
Water Plan projects a statewide demand/supply (needs) gap of 8.325 million
acre-feet/year by 2060. That scary
number is often presented as the reason the state needs to fund implementation
of the state water plan.
But, when you break it down (see Table 6.1 in the 2012
plan), you see that three
regions together account for two-thirds of the gap:
·
Region C (Dallas/Fort Worth area) with 1.588
million acre-feet/yr;
·
Region H (Houston area) with 1.236 million
acre-feet/yr and
·
Region O (Llano Estacado) with 2.366 million
acre-feet/yr.
We have explored the over-inflated Region C demand projections
elsewhere,
and a similar analysis of Region H is forthcoming. But, today we take a closer look at the 2.366
million acre-feet annual gap projected for Region O, which is over 28% of the
total projected statewide gap for 2060.
Not surprisingly, it’s all about the sustainability of irrigation water from
the High
Plains Ogallala Aquifer.
Region O covers much of the Southern High Plains of
Texas. Irrigation dominates, accounting
for 95 % of the total regional use in 2010, or 4.186 million acre-feet/yr. Virtually all of this irrigation water is supplied
by the Ogallala (Figure 1).
Figure 2 shows
the various irrigation demand projections for Region O for the current (2017) and
past planning cycles. While these
projected demands do decline over time, as discussed below, they do not reflect
the constraints on availability of Ogallala water that would be in place with implementation
of management systems designed to preserve some aquifer capacity for the
future. The decreasing trend in these
demand projections is “due to declining well yields and increased irrigation
efficiencies.” (State Water Plan, p 118, Region O Summary).
Figure 2. Current and Past Irrigation Demand Projections for Region O
Instead, the effect of water management goals on ground water availability is incorporated into the supply side of the planning process. For example, the 2011 Region O Plan projected that water supply will decline 56 % between 2010 and 2060 “due to the managed depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer,” with ground water availability decreasing from 3.076 million acre-feet in 2010 to 1.337 million acre-feet in 2060.
This approach results in the large demand/supply gap, which
is theoretically to be addressed with water supply strategies. But, the 2011 Region O plan projects that advanced
irrigation conservation will only be able to provide 479,466 acre-feet/year of
water in 2010 at a capital cost of $ 346 million.
As the 2011 planning process was coming to a conclusion, the
regional groundwater conservation districts in Groundwater
Management Area 2, were finalizing their desired
future conditions (DFCs)for the Ogallala aquifer and beginning to adopt
rules to ensure those DFCs could be met.
For the portion of the Ogallala covered by Region O, the central DFC is
a 50 %
depletion of the aquifer over 50 years.
If the Ogallala is, in fact, to be managed to meet the desired
future conditions set by the regional groundwater conservation districts,
shouldn’t the projected “demands” reflect that management, thus potentially
significantly decreasing the statewide projected demand/supply gap that
generates so much attention and paints Texas as a state running out of water? Put another way, doesn’t showing a huge
demand that can never realistically be met undermine the integrity of the
planning process?
Region O initially seemed poised to address this important
issue in the current round of planning. Earlier
this year, Region O consultants worked with irrigators throughout the region to
review the 2017 irrigation demand projections from the Texas Water Development
Board. While the 2017 projections were
on average about 500,000 acre-feet/yr less than the projections from the
2011/2012 planning period (Figure 1),
they were still far above the ground water availability under the managed
depletion scenario reflected through DFC implementation.
According to the consultant’s July 2013 report (available here
as part of the background materials for the Region O August 1, 2013 meeting
(pp. 9-12 of draft non-municipal demand Technical Memorandum from Daniel B. Stephens & Associates, dated
July 26, 2013):
The
revision to the demand estimates that is proposed here is an attempt to apply
the limitations set forth in the DFC process to the demands previously
estimated…Subcommittee meetings with irrigation interests discussed current and future needs of producers and what measures would be required in order to implement the DFC. The general concern was over the best way to account for real unmet needs, particularly for irrigation, and to continue to show irrigation water shortages. Under the proposed methodology, the irrigation demand would be set equal to the volume of water that is available in the policy sense for irrigators to use. This would incorrectly show no unmet needs for the region’s irrigators.
Unmet needs are the impetus for development of a particular water management strategy. Advanced irrigation conservation, beyond the conservation measures currently being taken, is a water management strategy that would need to be pursued for the region to meet their groundwater conservation goals. To account for increased conservation, an estimate of conservation volumes was added back into the irrigation demand:
Total irrigation demand = Baseline for irrigation demand + advanced conservation
Thus, the proposed approach was to base the projected
irrigation demand on water available under the DFC plus an amount that could be achieved via advanced conservation
(and then translate that advanced conservation to the water supply strategy
side of the plan).
Under this approach, 2060 total projected irrigation demand
for Region O would have been 1.328
million acre-feet/yr for 2060 (Figure 5 in the July 2013 consultants’
report) versus the 2011/2012 plan’s projected 2060 demand of 3.474 million acre-ft/yr. And the 2070 projected demand under the
consultant’s approach would have been 1.273 million acre-feet/yr.
For perspective, this proposed approach have meant over 2
million acre-feet less than 2011/2012 plan’s projected demand, or nearly one-quarter of the projected 2060 statewide demand/supply
gap from the 2012 plan.
However, between July and the August 1, 2013 meeting of
Region O, the Region O planning group decided instead to request no changes in
the TWDB irrigation demand projections.
(The revised consultant report and adoption of the TWDB projections can
be found here.
What changed? That
requires a look behind the scenes at development in groundwater management in
Region O, particularly in the High Plains
Underground Water Conservation District (HPWD), which covers 16 of the 21
counties in Region O and accounts for the vast majority of irrigation use from
the Ogallala.
Established in 1951, the HPWD has been working for decades
to conserve and protect the basically non-renewable reserves of the
Ogallala. In recent years, as aquifer
levels have begun to drop even more steeply than in the past, HPWD sought
to enact phased-in metering requirements and pumping limits generally 1.5
acre-feet/acre). While not free from controversy,
the new rules—enacted
in July 2011 were approved 4-0 by the board as necessary to meet the 50/50
goal for the Southern High Plains portion of the Ogallala.
Two factors appear to have combined to generate resistance
to the HPWD’s efforts to sustainably manage the Ogallala for both current and
future generations: commodity prices and
the second is the Edwards Aquifer v. Day case
(discussed here).
Corn, along with cotton and wheat, is one of the major
irrigated crops in the High Plains, from Texas up through Kansas. As shown in the recent report
of results from the Texas Alliance
for Water Conservation work in the Southern High Plains, crop choices
fluctuate with “anticipated prices, weather conditions, and water
availability.” When corn prices are
high, there is an incentive for growers to irrigate as much as possible in
order to take advantage of the market.
Under that perspective, pumping
limitations can be a barrier to short-term profits.
Cropping fluctuations for the 4,700 irrigated acres involved
in the TAWA project are shown in Figure
3. These thirty voluntarily-enrolled sites represent only a tiny portion of
the over 2 million irrgated acres in the Southern High Plains, but may be
somewhat indicative of overall trends.
Figure 3. Irrigated crop trends
on TAWA sites
Figure 4 shows
irrigation use in Region O as compared to national average corn prices for the
last five years. Both 2009 and 2011 were
years of severe drought in the region, requiring additional irrigation.
Figure 4. Region O Irrigation Use (million
acre-feet/yr) v. National Calendar Yr Average Corn Prices
(Sources: Texas
Water Development Board and Farmdoc.illinois.edu)
Adding to these higher commodity price-related incentives, in February 2012, the Texas Supreme Court held in the Day case that groundwater is owned in place by the overlying landowner. The ruling added fuel to a small group of High Plains farmers arguing against pumping limits on constitutional grounds. The Protect Water Rights Coalition has opposed HPWD’s efforts to enact measurement and pumping limits at every turn, often finding support from the Texas Corn Producers.
In
November 2012, two HPWD board incumbents were defeated and two more resigned in
early 2013. The 12-year director of
HPWD, James Conkwright, resigned
in July 2013. Mr. Conkwright also
stepped down from his position representing HPWD on the Region O planning
group.
So, where does Region O go from here? As noted above, the TWDB projections adopted
by the Region unfortunately also fail to reflect the aquifer management
goal. But, because these demand
projections were initially supplied to the Region by TWDB, there is no clear
step to change them at this point.
The Region’s next steps will be to look at the demand/supply
gap and water management strategies.
Presumably, the Region should apply the current DFC to determine
available supply (as required by
31 T.A.C. Section 357.32(d)). With
the application of the DFC/managed available groundwater standard, the
demand/supply gap will be as large as or greater than that shown in the
2011/2012 plan, again distorting the total statewide gap significantly. While advanced conservation can be used to
help reduce irrigation demand, the over-stated gap and some completely
unrealistic figure of “unmet needs” will likely remain.
It’s unfortunate that Region O (and TWDB) missed a golden
opportunity to help improve the overall integrity of the state planning process
and focus instead on what is really needed to achieve sustainable management of
the High Plains portion of the Ogallala Aquifer, which continues to decline at alarming
rates.
The future of the HPWD, one of the oldest and most
successful of Texas groundwater districts would also appear to be in jeopardy
unless those many farmers who do care about the future condition of this unique
resource, and the communities that depend upon it, become more vocal.
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